F21 - International Investment; Long-term Capital MovementsReturn

It is widely recognized that a rapid increase in foreign direct investment leads to an increase in tourism at different levels. This paper applied a Granger Causality test to investigate the causal relationship between International Tourist Arrivals (ITA) and Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) across countries. By using time series data from six countries in the top ten European destinations (France, Spain, Italy, Germany, Turkey, and the United Kingdom) for the 1980-2014 period, the findings reveal that there is a unidirectional causality between ITA and FDI. The results are strongly proven with the same results when the lag between FDI and ITA is lengthened at lag 1. Moreover, the outcome evidence has a unidirectional relationship running from FDI to ITA when GDP is added as the controlling variable.

This article investigates the relationship between institutional quality and the level of investment inflows into post-communist countries. We attempt to empirically verify the argument that institutional determinants are essential in explaining the variation in investment inflows into transition economies after the demise of socialism in the early 1990s. The role of institutions is assessed using Economic Freedom indices provided by the Heritage Foundation. Consequently, to investigate the progress of institutional quality in transition economies, we further employ indicators developed by the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development. Using a panel data set for 11 transition countries from 1993 to 2013, we conclude that the impact of institutional quality on investment inflows is not negligible, yet much weaker than suggested by the existing theoretical literature. Using a fixed-effects model framework in both regression benchmarks with metrics from the Heritage Foundation and the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, respectively, we observe that the impact of institutional variables on the level of investment was less significant than expected. Moreover, macroeconomic fundamentals appear to always play a more substantial role than institutional factors.

The main objective of the paper is to identify and quantify the influence of institutional environment on inflows of foreign direct investment in European post-socialist countries and countries of Latin America. The reference period is the period 1996-2012 due to data availability. The World Bank Governance Matters concept is used as the basic indicator of institutional environment. Panel data regression analysis is used for the identification and quantification purposes. According to the results, the influence of institutional environment on FDI is not entirely unequivocal in the European transition economies, but it is statistically significant in the Latin American countries. Furthermore, there are statistically significant areas - quality of democracy and government effectiveness - in the post-socialist countries, and all the institutional areas except the level of democracy in Latin America, mainly regulatory quality and rule of law.

This paper is a survey of selected theoretical approaches to migration. It focuses on their practical application when creating new or adjusting existing migration policy concepts. The aim is to seek the possible leverages offering the possibility to influence migration flows not only by the receiving countries, but also by the sending countries. Secondary attention is paid to the interconnection of labour and capital, seeking the answer to the question whether FDI and migration flows are indeed supplementary processes. The paper examines a whole range of theoretical approaches, starting from the simpler ones (gravitational models), and continuing with the more elaborate approaches (neoclassical, behavioural), including the latest approaches in migration theory.

The existence of multinational corporations is not self-evident. These corporations have costs linked with business in foreign countries compared to their domestic competitors. Therefore, in the long term, they must have particular advantages over domestic firms. These advantages are external to the market system, and in order to make them exist, a governmental activity is necessary. The government, through its intervention on the market, increases transaction costs of using the market mechanism, and through this, it also increases the influence of multinational corporations. Today, the issue is the influence of active external macroeconomic policy and the policy towards investors which uses incentives for them. The bargaining between governments and MNCs has conformed more to the market rules. However, at the same time, it has also become more institutionalised and still remains in the mercantilistic tradition.