D24 - Production; Cost; Capital; Capital, Total Factor, and Multifactor Productivity; CapacityReturn

This article focuses mainly on the environmental costs connected with legislative compliance in the Czech Republic, possibilities of their identification and observation in corporations and suggestions for cutting them down. First, we present an overview of theoretical concepts regarding determination of costs connected with environmental protection in companies and possible difficulties with identification of this kind of costs; however, there are various methods depending both on the authors' opinions and purposes of environmental cost identification in companies. Then, the article discusses particular inputs and outputs of companies and tries to identify possible environmental costs on both sides. Generally, both the simplest and cheapest way for the companies is to concentrate on such environmental costs that are connected with legislation in force; therefore, the Czech Republic's current environmental protection law is analyzed for this purpose. After that, the article focuses briefly on suggestions for possible corporate savings and environmental cost reduction, based on the legislation in force in the Czech Republic. Finally, the key element of this article is a case study based on the information obtained from a real company. The case study presents results of both identification and quantification of particular environmental costs connected with legislation in force in a small business in the Czech Republic in 2010.

In the paper, marginal analysis and linear programming are described and then compared as two independent theoretical approaches to production theory. Although marginal analysis dominates economic literature, we argue that linear programming is an equivalent theory with some advantages and, of course, some disadvantages in comparison to marginal analysis. Marginal analysis will be a more suitable choice if we assume continuous changes and perfect substitution in production and unlimited capacities of production factors. On the other hand, linear programming describes production as a combination of a finite number of available technologies with limited capacities of production factors. However, the best choice is likely to combine both the approaches to complement one another. It is a paradox that many economic students know linear programming from operational research or management science courses, but they have no notion that linear programming is also one of the basic tools of quantitative economic analysis.

The modern development of Corporate Systems and innovations (realistic) in the economic production criteria, as compared to traditional criteria, supported largely by optimum operating conditions. In order to measure the contemporary value concept of production, it is necessary to construct an indicator which accurately reflects economic effets, such as changes in consumption levels (a factor of production) and changes in their dutiable status, by means of the quantity flow. Productivity movement in the manufacturing subsystem can be explicitly expressed, as can its influence on the economic profit (for example the indicator EVA - Economic Value Added) of the enterprise.