C23 - Single Equation Models; Single Variables: Panel Data Models; Spatio-temporal ModelsReturn

It is widely recognized that a rapid increase in foreign direct investment leads to an increase in tourism at different levels. This paper applied a Granger Causality test to investigate the causal relationship between International Tourist Arrivals (ITA) and Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) across countries. By using time series data from six countries in the top ten European destinations (France, Spain, Italy, Germany, Turkey, and the United Kingdom) for the 1980-2014 period, the findings reveal that there is a unidirectional causality between ITA and FDI. The results are strongly proven with the same results when the lag between FDI and ITA is lengthened at lag 1. Moreover, the outcome evidence has a unidirectional relationship running from FDI to ITA when GDP is added as the controlling variable.

Equivalised incomes are frequently used in order to make adjustments to the actual incomes of households in a way that enables analysis of the relative wellbeing of households of different sizes and compositions (numbers of adults, numbers of children and their ages). In the paper, different methods of evaluation of equivalised units (equivalised numbers of members) are discussed and their impact on derived equivalised incomes is shown. Equivalised total annual net incomes of Czech households (in CZK) defined by four scales (numbers of members, OECD-modified scale, OECD scale, square root scale) are analysed for the time period 2007-2010 based on EU-SILC data from the surveys in 2008 to 2011. The incomes are compared with respect to sample distributions and descriptive characteristics of their level and variability; development in time is also of interest. A strong dependence is expected and quantified (from different points of view) among all the equivalised incomes treated (in given years).

Elasticity of taxable income has increasingly become an important subject matter for economists in recent times. This study provides an estimate for the Czech Republic by exploiting panel data for corporate income tax rates between 2004 and 2009. The severity of the tax evasion and avoidance issue in this country triggers a question about the existence of the elasticity itself. The uniqueness of this study also stems from its focus on proportional tax rates while other influential studies examine this subject for progressive taxation. The result of this research supports a hypothesis about indifference between taxable incme decision and the size of the tax rate; about fifty percent of the observations in the sample are not subject to taxation. The high level of tax avoidance could explain such an outcome intensifying the necessity to fight this fiscal policy phenomenon.

Panel data are a result of repeating observations of a group of units, e.g. households, firms, but also whole economies with some common characteristics as EU15, transition economies a . s. o. So, more details are available enabling to analyze a changing economic structure and its reasoning. Specific techniques can be chosen to deal with short time series what in case of Czech Republic, and other relatively new markets, can be very helpful. Most part of empirical applications corresponds with random or fixed effect models, respective. To each of this type appropriate methods relate. An exact choice between both effects can be done by the help of Hausman test.

Panel data are specific data where cases are observed at two or more time periods. This approach brings many advantages: larger dataset, decreasing collinearity between exogenous variables and using advanced econometric models. The panel data models were applied to data from the Household Budget Surveys 2000-2004 carried out by the Czech Statistical Office in order to analyze choice behavior of households. The data on households included demographic characteristics of individuals, housing, household amenities, net income, and opinions of households about their own socioeconomic situation. We analyzed the role of income as a determinant of PC ownership and its development through the observed period by using three static econometric models with panel data.